What is a reliquary?
Baroque silver reliquaries at Friary of Santa Maria degli Angeli at Assisi. Public domain
A reliquary has the specific purpose of safeguarding sacred relics, which can either be physical remains or objects that are linked to holy figures and events.
These relics hold significant spiritual value. Not only do reliquaries function as a means of preserving, honoring and memorializing martyrs, but they also serve as a tribute and homage to the saints or religious occasions they depict.
… And they can range from simple boxes to intricately designed sculptures, showcasing the artistic skill and devotion of their creators.
Etymology and importance of reliquaries in religious and cultural contexts
Reliquary has its roots in the Latin term reliquiae, meaning remains or leftovers, and is venerated in various religious traditions. The meaning of the Latin word was 'the remains of a martyr' or 'remnants'.
Due to their function of preserving, venerating, and showcasing sacred relics, reliquaries hold great significance in different religious and cultural contexts – and they usually reinforce the following elements:
- Spiritual connection: They enable devotees to feel closer to the divine by housing relics, often evoking a sense of reverence. Fostering a deeper commitment to religious practices and inspiring spiritual growth. They also help to create some empathy and bridge the gap between saints and devotees.
- Pilgrimage and devotion: Pilgrims often visit, pray, and seek blessings or healing at reliquaries, which serve as focal points. Contributing to the growth and development of religious communities, they can become significant centers of worship and devotion.
- Artistic expression: Throughout history, countless artists and craftsmen have expressed their faith and devotion through their work. Reliquaries reflect the cultural and historical context in which they were created, and often showcase exceptional artistic skill and creativity.
- Preservation of history: Preserving sacred relics and the memory and legacy of holy figures or events they are associated with, ensure that the stories and teachings of religious traditions are passed down through generations.
What’s the difference between a relic and a reliquary?
Reliquary Shrine Jean de Touyl. Public domain.
Relics are physical body parts or clothing that belonged to a saint or a martyr. They are venerated objects because of their association with the saint or martyr. Although some relics are physical body parts or clothing that belonged to a saint or martyr, others may be items that these individuals touched (or are somehow linked to the saint).
On the other hand, the container that holds the relic is referred to as a reliquary. The reliquary may be made of precious materials or intricate designs due to the high esteem of the relic.
Types of relics commonly housed in reliquaries
Reliquary of Saint Clemens Martyr. Public domain
There are three main types of relics that can be housed in reliquaries, reflecting their connection to holy figures or religious events.
- First-class relics: The physical remains of saints or other venerated individuals. Bones, teeth, hair, or even blood are all examples of such relics. It is believed that the spiritual power held within these physical remains can provide protection, healing, or other blessings to those who have faith.
- Second-class relics: During their lifetime, saints or holy figures used certain items which are known as second-class relics. Their religious practice may involve personal belongings, clothing, or tools. The essence of the holy figure is believed to be carried by these items, making them deserving of veneration and reverence.
- Third-class relics: These items have either been in contact with a first-class or second-class relic, or have a connection to a significant religious event or location. A piece of cloth that has touched the remains of a saint, soil from a holy site, or fragments of a religious monument are examples that can be included. Despite being considered less potent than first or second-class relics, they still possess spiritual importance for the faithful.
Famous reliquaries
Throughout history, there have been many famous reliquaries, each reflecting the artistic styles and religious practices of their respective time periods and regions. Some notable examples are:
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The Holy Thorn Reliquary: In the late 14th century, a Gothic reliquary was created to house a thorn believed to be from the Crown of Thorns worn by Jesus Christ during his crucifixion. The stunning reliquary was made of gold, enamel, and precious stones. The British Museum in London is currently where it is housed.
The Holy Thorn Reliquary, c.1400, British Museum, London. pic.twitter.com/meiIQwQTi2
— Laura (@L3Mve1) April 7, 2023 -
The Shrine of the Three Kings: The bones of the Biblical Magi, also known as the Three Wise Men, are believed to be contained in this large gilded and ornamented reliquary located in Cologne Cathedral, Germany.
Shrine of the Three Kings pic.twitter.com/jRUycpshoj
— Nirvana (@hrshtein) August 25, 2022 -
The St. Foy Reliquary: Located in the Abbey Church of Saint Foy in Conques, France, this reliquary, also known as the Statue of Saint Faith, was crafted in the 10th century. Showcasing the opulence of medieval ecclesiastical art, it is adorned with gold, silver, and precious stones and houses the skull of Saint Faith.
The Reliquary of St Foy
— William Dalrymple (@DalrympleWill) September 1, 2019
Face 5thC, Setting 10thC
Conques pic.twitter.com/onDIdZWEnV
Where can you find reliquaries?
Reliquary for the hand of St Stephen. Public domain
Most religious reliquaries can be found in shrines, churches, or temples. Museums may contain both religious and non-religious reliquaries too.
What are reliquaries typically made of?
Reliquaries of the Christian faith might have been initially crafted from metal or stone. Initially, the relics were transported safely from their place of origin to their new location using useful items.
Reliquaries made of precious metals such as gold and silver, became more common over time. Ivory was also used to make them.
Frequently asked questions
Is it legal to buy or sell relics?
The sale or purchase of religious relics is forbidden according to most faiths. However, reliquaries can be sold freely as long as they do not contain relics.
Can anyone get an opportunity to view a relic or is it usually reserved for specific individuals and groups within their respective religions?
The availability of sacred relics is based on specific practices, holidays and ceremonies. Relics may not be open to all but restricted only to a few individuals within the religious group such as spiritual leaders or devout members
How is it possible for reliquaries and relics to remain intact over several centuries?
Relics and reliquaries require careful handling to maintain their condition, so the degradation of materials can be avoided by regulating environmental conditions including temperature and light exposure.
When fake relics come to light how does the religious community typically handle these situations?
Religious leaders typically take steps to authenticate revered artifacts and inform the community about their legitimacy. But, as they are historical pieces, it is difficult to verify 100% of their originality and origin.
